| 强度 | 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般 | rise / increase / grow / go up / climb | The figure rose steadily over the period. |
| 较强 | surge / jump / leap / escalate | Sales surged after 2010. |
| 猛烈 | soar / rocket / skyrocket | The number soared to a peak in 2020. |
📌 climb / soar / rocket 自带"力度"，后面常不再加 sharply；rise / increase 要靠副词表力度。
| 强度 | 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般 | fall / decrease / decline / drop / go down / dip | The percentage fell gradually. |
| 较强 | slump / sink / tumble | Profits slumped in 2015. |
| 猛烈 | plummet / plunge / collapse / crash | The figure plummeted to its lowest point. |
📌 dip = 小幅短暂下降又回升；plummet / plunge = 断崖式暴跌，自带"猛"。
| 类型 | 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 平稳 | remain stable / steady / constant；level off；plateau；stabilise | The figure remained stable at around 50%. |
| 波动 | fluctuate；vary；rise and fall；show fluctuations | Prices fluctuated between 40 and 60. |
| 达峰 | peak at；reach a peak / a high；hit the highest point | It peaked at 90% in 2020. |
| 触底 | bottom out；reach a low / a trough；hit the lowest point | It bottomed out at 5% in 2003. |
⚠️ level off ≠ fall：level off 是"由升降转为持平"。
| 方向 | 名词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 上升 | a rise / an increase / a growth / a surge / an upward trend | There was a sharp rise in internet use. |
| 下降 | a fall / a decrease / a decline / a downward trend | The country saw a steady decline in car use. |
| 波动 | a fluctuation | There were slight fluctuations throughout. |
🔑 动词⇄名词互换：*Internet use rose sharply.* ＝ *There was a sharp rise in internet use.*
| 幅度 | 副词（rise ___） | 形容词（a ___ rise） |
|---|---|---|
| 大/快 | sharply · dramatically · rapidly · steeply · markedly · substantially · considerably · significantly | sharp · dramatic · rapid · steep · marked · substantial · considerable · significant |
| 中/稳 | steadily · gradually · moderately · consistently | steady · gradual · moderate · consistent |
| 小/慢 | slightly · marginally · minimally | slight · marginal · minimal |
| 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| double / triple / quadruple；halve；a X-fold increase | The figure doubled from 20% to 40%. ｜ There was a threefold increase in users. |
🚫 介词：to（终点值）/ by（变化量）/ at（某点值）。rose to 90%（到90）≠ rose by 20%（增加20点）。
柱图横轴是类别，考"比高低、比多少"，没有趋势，别写 increased over the years。
| 含义 | 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 比…高 | be higher than；exceed；surpass；outnumber | A's rate was higher than B's. ｜ A exceeded B by 20%. |
| 比…低 | be lower than；be beneath；fall behind | C's figure was lower than the others. |
| 领先 | by a wide margin；by far；considerably | A was ahead by a wide margin. |
📌 exceed / surpass 及物，直接加宾语（A exceeded B），不接 than。
| 含义 | 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 最高 | the highest / largest / greatest；rank first；come top；top the list | A had the highest percentage. ｜ A ranked first. |
| 最低 | the lowest / smallest / least；rank last；at the bottom | F was the lowest of all. |
| 次高/居中 | the second highest；in the middle；middle-ranking | B was the second highest, followed by C. |
🔑 followed by 是柱图神句：A was the highest, followed by B and C.
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| similar to / roughly the same as / nearly identical to | 相近 | C and D were roughly the same. |
| twice as … as；double / triple；half the … of | 倍数/分数 | A was twice as high as F. ｜ A doubled B. |
| 幅度 | 副词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 大/明显 | significantly · considerably · substantially · markedly · far · by far | A was significantly higher than B. |
| 中等 | slightly · somewhat · modestly · a little | C was slightly above D. |
| 几乎 | roughly · nearly · almost · virtually | C and D were nearly identical. |
数值：A exceeded B by 20% ｜ A was 20% higher than B ｜ A was three times as large as B.
饼图考"同一整体的占比分配"，常用一般现在时；多年份饼图则写"占比 + 变化"。
| 英文 | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| account for / make up / represent | 占 / 构成 / 代表 | Teachers' salaries accounted for 40% of spending. |
| comprise / constitute | 构成 / 组成 | The five categories comprised 100%. |
| the largest share / the majority / a minority / the remainder / the bulk | 最大份额 / 多数 / 少数 / 剩余 / 主体 | Teachers' salaries had the largest share. |
| 功能 | 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 排名 | rank first / top the list；come second；at the bottom；exceed | The UK ranked first; Sweden at the bottom. |
| 归并 | the remaining / combined / the rest | The remaining three items combined accounted for 60%. |
| 数值（句首/句末） | accounting for X% / making up X% / standing at X% | Teachers' salaries, accounting for 40%, were the largest. |
占比副词：by far / significantly / slightly / marginally。
表格写法同饼图（排名/最值/归并），更强调跨行跨列找规律、分组描述。
| 功能 | 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 排第一/垫底 | rank first / top the list ｜ at the bottom | The UK topped the list; Sweden ranked last. |
| 超过 | exceed | UK sales exceeded the other four combined. |
| 归并 | the remaining / combined / the rest | The remaining three regions combined accounted for <20%. |
💡 不要逐格罗列数字——按"最高组/最低组/中间梯队"分组写。
综合图 = 两张图放一起，把前面写法拼起来，再加一句"两图怎么关联"的连接句。
| 逻辑 | 连接句型 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 并列 | While the pie chart shows…, the table reveals… | While the pie chart shows the main causes, the table reveals how they affected three regions. |
| 因果 | The two charts reveal a clear link : … | The two charts reveal a clear link: over-grazing, 63% globally, was also dominant in Oceania. |
| 印证 | Both charts point to the same pattern — … | Both charts point to the same pattern — over-grazing led globally (35%) and in Oceania (11.3%). |
流程图考"过程怎么发生"，命脉是被动语态 + 顺序连接词，全程"物被做"，不写人。
| 功能 | 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动 | is / are pumped；is heated；is converted；is used / produced | Cold water is pumped down an injection well. |
| 顺序 | First / To begin with；Then / Next / After that；Once…has been…；Finally / In the final stage | First, cold water is pumped down. Next, it is heated. |
| 阶段 | the first step / stage；the next stage；the final phase；the production process | The first step involves pumping cold water underground. |
地图考"现在 vs 规划的变化"，魂 = 定位 + 变化动词 + 对比。变化可用被动也可用主动将来时。
| 功能 | 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 方位 | in the north / south；to the east / west of；along the main road；in the centre | A new park is planned in the north of the town. |
| 变化 | be built / constructed；be demolished / removed；be relocated / moved；be converted into / replaced by | A bus station will be built; the shops are replaced by a centre. |
| 时段 | at present / currently；in the planned development；by 2020 / in the future | At present, there is a park surrounded by housing. |
| 功能 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 总趋势 | Overall, the figure rose steadily from… to… |
| 比较 | A is roughly twice as large as B. |
| 描述变化 | The number surged / plummeted / fluctuated / remained stable. |
| 占比 | X accounted for the largest share, at 40%. |
| 排名 | The UK ranked first; Sweden came bottom. |
| 地图 | The layout was redesigned so that… |
| 流程 | The process consists of … stages and is completed by … |
变化动词库：surge（激增）/ soar（飙升）/ decline（下降）/ plummet（骤降）/ fluctuate（波动）/ plateau（持平）。
| 题型 | 信号词 | 写法要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 观点类 | To what extent do you agree? | 明确站边，两段论证同一立场 |
| 讨论类 | Discuss both views and give your opinion. | 一段A一段B，结尾亮观点 |
| 优缺点类 | Do advantages outweigh disadvantages? | 一段优点一段缺点，判权重 |
| 报告类 | What are the causes / solutions? | 一段原因一段对策 |
| 混合类 | Why? Is it positive or negative? | 逐条回应问号，别漏 |
⚠️ 审题铁律：题目有几个问号就回应几个，混合类漏答 TR 直接掉档。
TR 任务回应 ｜ CC 连贯衔接 ｜ LR 词汇丰富 ｜ GRA 语法多样。四段式：引言→主体1→主体2（让步）→结论，每段固定三步：主题句→论证→例证。
| 功能 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 改写题目 | It is often argued that… / A common belief is that… |
| 亮明立场 | From my perspective, I firmly believe that… / I partly agree… |
| 路线图 | This essay will examine both sides before concluding. |
| 步骤 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 主题句 | The primary reason is that… / A further point is… |
| 论证 | This is because… / As a result, … / Consequently, … |
| 举例 | For instance, … / A case in point is… |
| 对比反证 | Without this, … / By contrast, … |
| 功能 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 让步 | Admittedly, … / It is true that…, however, … / the drawbacks pale in comparison with the benefits. |
| 结论 | In conclusion, I am convinced that… / it is advisable for governments to… / If this trend continues, … |
| 方向 | 英文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 经济增长 | promote economic growth | Tourism can promote economic growth in rural areas. |
| 社会进步 | drive social progress | Education drives social progress. |
| 个人发展 | foster personal development | Sports foster personal development in teens. |
| 保护环境 | protect the environment | We must protect the environment. |
| 生活质量 | improve quality of life | Smart homes improve quality of life. |
| 效率 | enhance efficiency | Automation enhances efficiency at work. |
| 缩小差距 | bridge the gap | Online learning helps bridge the gap between rich and poor. |
| 公众意识 | raise public awareness | Campaigns raise public awareness of health. |
| 责任感 | cultivate a sense of responsibility | Schools should cultivate a sense of responsibility. |
| 保障就业 | secure employment | Infrastructure projects secure employment. |
| 传承文化 | preserve cultural identity | Museums help preserve cultural identity. |
| 缓解压力 | alleviate stress | Hobbies alleviate stress after work. |
| 功能 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 递进 | furthermore / moreover / in addition / besides |
| 转折 | however / nevertheless / whereas / on the other hand |
| 因果 | therefore / as a result / owing to / consequently |
| 举例 | for instance / for example / namely / a case in point |
| 总结 | in conclusion / overall / to sum up / all in all |
| 对比 | by contrast / unlike / in comparison |
示例：Online study is flexible; however, it lacks face-to-face interaction.
| 表达 | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| acquire knowledge | 获取知识 | Students acquire knowledge through practice. |
| cultivate critical thinking | 培养批判性思维 | Schools should cultivate critical thinking. |
| rote learning | 死记硬背 | Rote learning kills creativity. |
| technological advancement | 科技进步 | Technological advancement reshapes our life. |
| digital divide | 数字鸿沟 | The digital divide widens inequality. |
| double-edged sword | 双刃剑 | AI is a double-edged sword. |
| 表达 | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| sustainable development | 可持续发展 | Sustainable development is the goal. |
| carbon emission | 碳排放 | We must cut carbon emissions. |
| income inequality | 收入不平等 | Income inequality fuels unrest. |
| impose regulations | 实施监管 | They impose regulations on pollution. |
| misinformation | 虚假信息 | Social media spreads misinformation. |
| work-life balance | 工作生活平衡 | Work-life balance reduces burnout. |
| 低级 | 高级 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| good | beneficial / desirable | Exercise is beneficial to health. |
| bad | detrimental / harmful | Smoking is detrimental. |
| important | crucial / vital | Education is crucial for growth. |
| think | argue / maintain | Critics argue that… |
| more and more | increasingly | It is increasingly common. |
| a lot of | a multitude of | A multitude of factors exist. |
| rich | affluent / wealthy | Affluent nations should help. |
| help | facilitate / assist | Tech can facilitate learning. |
题目：Some people think universities should focus on academic subjects, while others believe they should teach practical skills. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
亮点词：integrate / cultivate critical thinking / crucial / detrimental / facilitate；衔接词 While / For instance / Nevertheless / Admittedly / however / Therefore 串起逻辑。