CATTI二级笔译练习

一、中译英

中文原文

粮食安全是国家安全的重要基础。中国用占世界百分之九的耕地，养活了世界近百分之二十的人口，这本身就是对全球粮食安全的重大贡献。近年来，我国坚持藏粮于地、藏粮于技，严守十八亿亩耕地红线，大力推进高标准农田建设，加快种业自主创新，粮食产量连续多年稳定在一万三千亿斤以上。与此同时，也要清醒地看到，耕地质量总体不高、水资源约束趋紧、务农人口老龄化等问题依然突出，极端天气对农业生产的影响明显加大。把饭碗牢牢端在自己手中，任何时候都不能有丝毫松懈。

参考译文

Food security forms a vital foundation of national security. With nine percent of the world's arable land, China feeds nearly twenty percent of the global population — in itself a major contribution to food security worldwide. In recent years the country has worked to store grain in the land and in technology, holding firmly to the red line of 1.8 billion mu of farmland, pressing ahead with the construction of high-standard cropland, and accelerating homegrown innovation in the seed industry. As a result, annual grain output has remained above 650 million tonnes for many years running. At the same time, we must be clear-eyed about the challenges that remain: the overall quality of arable land is low, water constraints are tightening, the farming population is ageing, and extreme weather is taking a visibly heavier toll on agricultural production. Keeping the nation's rice bowl firmly in its own hands is a task that allows no complacency at any time.

二、英译中

英文原文

Global food security is under mounting pressure. Conflict, extreme weather and volatile energy prices have combined to drive up the cost of staple grains and fertilizers, leaving hundreds of millions of people unable to afford a healthy diet. Yet the problem is not simply that the world grows too little food. Roughly one third of everything produced for human consumption is lost or wasted before it ever reaches a plate, spoiling in poorly built storage, rotting on congested roads, or being discarded by retailers and households. Building genuine resilience therefore calls for action on several fronts at once: investing in climate-adapted seeds and efficient irrigation, shortening fragile supply chains, strengthening social safety nets for the poorest households, and keeping trade in agricultural goods open even when crisis tempts governments to close their borders. None of these measures will work in isolation, and none can be delivered by governments alone.

参考译文

全球粮食安全正面临越来越大的压力。冲突频发、极端天气和能源价格剧烈波动叠加在一起，推高了主粮和化肥的成本，使数亿人无力负担健康膳食。然而，问题并不仅仅在于世界种出的粮食太少。人类消费用粮中约有三分之一在端上餐桌之前就已损失或浪费掉：有的在简陋的仓储中霉变，有的在拥堵的道路上腐烂，还有的被零售商和家庭随手丢弃。因此，要真正增强韧性，必须多管齐下：投资于适应气候变化的种子和高效灌溉，缩短脆弱的供应链，为最贫困家庭织密社会保障网，并在危机诱使各国关闭边境之时仍然保持农产品贸易畅通。这些举措没有一项能够单独奏效，也没有一项能仅靠政府之力完成。

三、重点词汇讲解

▎中译英重点词汇

中文	英文	例句
耕地红线	the red line for arable land	China holds firmly to the red line of 1.8 billion mu of arable land. （中国严守十八亿亩耕地红线。）
高标准农田	high-standard cropland / high-standard farmland	Over one million mu of high-standard cropland was built last year. （去年新建高标准农田一百多万亩。）
藏粮于地、藏粮于技	store grain in the land and in technology	The strategy of storing grain in the land and in technology underpins output stability. （藏粮于地、藏粮于技的战略支撑了产量稳定。）
种业自主创新	homegrown innovation in the seed industry	Breakthroughs in homegrown seed innovation reduce reliance on imports. （种业自主创新的突破降低了对进口的依赖。）
把饭碗端在自己手中	keep the rice bowl firmly in one's own hands	A populous country must keep its rice bowl firmly in its own hands. （人口大国必须把饭碗牢牢端在自己手中。）
水资源约束趋紧	tightening water constraints	Tightening water constraints limit further expansion of irrigated area. （水资源约束趋紧限制了灌溉面积的进一步扩大。）
粮食产量稳定在	grain output has remained above / has held steady at	Grain output has remained above 650 million tonnes for nine consecutive years. （粮食产量连续九年稳定在六点五亿吨以上。）
务农人口老龄化	the ageing of the farming population	The ageing of the farming population poses a long-term challenge. （务农人口老龄化构成长期挑战。）

▎英译中重点词汇

英文	中文	例句
mounting pressure	越来越大的压力；压力与日俱增	Global food systems are under mounting pressure. （全球粮食体系正承受越来越大的压力。）
staple grains	主粮；口粮作物	Prices of staple grains rose by a fifth in a single year. （主粮价格一年内上涨了五分之一。）
afford a healthy diet	负担得起健康膳食	Hundreds of millions cannot afford a healthy diet. （数亿人负担不起健康膳食。）
food loss and waste	粮食损失与浪费	Cutting food loss and waste is the cheapest way to add supply. （减少粮食损失与浪费是增加供给最廉价的途径。）
climate-adapted seeds	适应气候变化的种子；耐候良种	Investment in climate-adapted seeds has doubled since 2020. （对耐候良种的投资自2020年以来翻了一番。）
fragile supply chains	脆弱的供应链	The pandemic exposed how fragile supply chains really were. （疫情暴露出供应链何等脆弱。）
social safety nets	社会保障网；社会安全网	Well-targeted social safety nets shield the poorest from price shocks. （精准的社会保障网使最贫困人群免受价格冲击。）
work in isolation	单独奏效；孤立地发挥作用	No single policy can work in isolation. （没有哪一项政策能单独奏效。）

四、翻译技巧：Subject Selection 主语确定

Subject Selection 主语确定

📖 定义

汉语重意合，句子常以话题（topic）开头，主语可以省略、可以是时间地点、也可以频繁更换；英语重形合，每个句子原则上必须有一个明确且与谓语在逻辑上匹配的主语。主语确定，指在汉译英时先跳出原文的表层语序，判断这句话真正要陈述的行为主体或论述焦点是谁，再据此重新选定英语主语，必要时补出隐含主语、把汉语的话题降为状语或介词短语、或改用形式主语、无生命名词作主语等手段，使译文合乎英语句法与行文习惯。

🎯 适用场景

无主句：汉语常见的「要看到…」「必须坚持…」「据统计…」等无主句，需补出 we / one / it 或改为被动。

话题与主语分离：如「这件事我已经处理好了」，话题「这件事」并非施事，英译时须判断真正主语是 I 还是 the matter。

多个小句主语频繁跳跃：汉语流水句一路换主语，英译宜择定一个统摄全句的主语，其余降为分词、介词短语或从句。

范畴词或时间地点作主语：「近年来我国…」「上海去年…」可将时间地点转为状语，也可反过来让 the past decade / the city 直接充当主语，使句子更紧凑。

强调客观与论述性文本：政经、科技类文本常用无生命名词或抽象名词作主语（如 the figures show, the policy aims to），比人称主语更客观。

汉语「人」做主语但英语宜物做主语：「我们通过这项措施降低了成本」可译为 The measure has cut costs，更符合英语表达重心。

示例1：无主句补出主语

原文：与此同时，也要清醒地看到，耕地质量总体不高。

译文：At the same time, we must be clear-eyed about the low overall quality of arable land.

说明：汉语无主句，英译补出泛指主语 we；若语域更正式，也可用 it must be recognized that… 的形式主语结构。

示例2：话题降为状语，另择主语

原文：近年来，我国大力推进高标准农田建设，粮食产量连续多年稳定在一万三千亿斤以上。

译文：In recent years the country has pressed ahead with high-standard cropland construction, and annual grain output has remained above 650 million tonnes for many years running.

说明：时间短语「近年来」降为状语，两个小句各自确定主语（the country / annual grain output），避免一句多主语造成的松散。

示例3：以无生命名词作主语

原文：由于冲突、极端天气和能源价格波动，主粮和化肥的成本大幅上升。

译文：Conflict, extreme weather and volatile energy prices have combined to drive up the cost of staple grains and fertilizers.

说明：把汉语的原因状语提升为英语句子的主语，句式由「因为…所以…」变为「原因 + 动词 + 结果」，更简洁有力，是政经外宣文本的常用手法。

示例4：动宾结构转为动名词主语

原文：把饭碗牢牢端在自己手中，任何时候都不能有丝毫松懈。

译文：Keeping the nation's rice bowl firmly in its own hands is a task that allows no complacency at any time.

说明：汉语的动宾短语在英语中提升为动名词短语作主语，既解决了无主句问题，又保留了原文的告诫语气。

先判断施事再动笔：读完整句再定主语，切忌逐字顺译导致主语缺失或悬垂分词（dangling participle）。

一个句子只留一个主干：汉语流水句若照搬多个主语，会写成 run-on sentence；确定主语后，其余小句应降级为分词、介词短语或定语从句。

慎用第一人称 we：外宣与官方文本中 we 使用过密会显得主观，可交替使用 China / the country / the government 或无生命名词主语。

主语与谓语必须逻辑匹配：不要写出 The output has built high-standard cropland 这类主谓搭配错误，改换主语后务必回读检查搭配。

注意信息重心：英语主语位置往往承载已知信息，新信息置于句末；确定主语时同时考虑主位推进，使段落衔接自然。

CATTI 二级笔译每日练习