CATTI二级笔译练习

一、中译英

中文原文

全面推进乡村振兴，是新时代建设农业强国的重大任务。近年来，中国把巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接，坚持产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的总要求，推动农业农村现代化迈出坚实步伐。各地立足资源禀赋，因地制宜发展特色产业，让农产品从田间地头直达城市餐桌；数字技术下沉乡村，电商直播、智慧农业让越来越多的农民搭上了信息化的快车。与此同时，农村人居环境持续改善，教育、医疗、养老等公共服务加快向乡村延伸，城乡差距逐步缩小。实现共同富裕，最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村。只有让亿万农民在共建共享中拥有更多获得感、幸福感、安全感，中国式现代化的根基才能更加牢固。

参考译文

Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is a major task in building China into an agricultural powerhouse in the new era. In recent years, China has worked to consolidate and expand its achievements in poverty alleviation and link them effectively with rural revitalization. Guided by the overall goals of thriving industries, a livable environment, sound rural culture, effective governance and better livelihoods, the country has taken solid steps toward modernizing agriculture and rural areas. Localities have drawn on their own resource endowments to develop distinctive industries suited to local conditions, bringing farm produce directly from the fields to urban dining tables. Digital technologies have reached the countryside, and e-commerce livestreaming and smart farming have enabled a growing number of farmers to board the fast train of the information age. Meanwhile, rural living environments have continued to improve, public services such as education, healthcare and elderly care have been extended more rapidly to rural areas, and the urban-rural gap has gradually narrowed. In the pursuit of common prosperity, the most arduous and demanding tasks still lie in the countryside. Only when hundreds of millions of farmers gain a greater sense of fulfillment, happiness and security through joint efforts and shared benefits can the foundations of Chinese modernization be made more solid.

二、英译中

英文原文

Rural areas across the world are undergoing a quiet transformation. For decades, the prevailing narrative depicted the countryside as a place people leave behind — a reservoir of cheap labour feeding the growth of cities. That assumption is now being questioned. Improved connectivity, remote working arrangements and a renewed appetite for locally produced food have given many rural communities a second chance. Yet the revival is far from even. Villages within easy reach of metropolitan areas tend to attract investment and newcomers, while remote settlements continue to lose their young people. Policymakers therefore face a delicate balancing act: they must channel resources to places that are genuinely viable without writing off communities that are merely inconvenient. Experience suggests that infrastructure alone rarely does the trick. What matters most is whether local residents have a say in how funds are spent, and whether services such as schools and clinics remain within reach. Where these conditions are met, rural decline can be slowed and, in some cases, reversed.

参考译文

世界各地的乡村正在经历一场静悄悄的变革。几十年来，主流叙事总把乡村描绘成人们背井离乡的出发地——一座为城市增长输送廉价劳动力的蓄水池。如今，这一预设正受到质疑。交通与网络条件的改善、远程办公的兴起，以及人们对本地食材重新燃起的兴趣，让许多乡村社区获得了第二次机会。然而，这场复兴远谈不上均衡。邻近大都市、往来便利的村庄往往能吸引投资和新居民，而偏远聚落仍在不断流失年轻人。因此，决策者面临一道棘手的平衡难题：既要把资源投向真正有生命力的地方，又不能把那些只是交通不便的社区一笔勾销。经验表明，仅靠基础设施很少能奏效。真正关键的，是当地居民对资金如何使用是否拥有话语权，以及学校、诊所等服务是否仍在触手可及的范围之内。凡是具备这些条件的地方，乡村的衰退就能放缓，有些甚至还能出现逆转。

三、重点词汇讲解

▎中译英重点词汇

中文	英文	例句
全面推进乡村振兴	comprehensively advance rural revitalization	China will comprehensively advance rural revitalization during the coming five years. （未来五年，中国将全面推进乡村振兴。）
巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果	consolidate and expand achievements in poverty alleviation	Local governments must consolidate and expand achievements in poverty alleviation. （地方政府必须巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果。）
因地制宜	suited to local conditions / in light of local conditions	Distinctive industries should be developed in light of local conditions. （应因地制宜发展特色产业。）
资源禀赋	resource endowments	Each county draws on its own resource endowments. （各县立足自身资源禀赋。）
农业农村现代化	modernization of agriculture and rural areas	Solid steps have been taken toward the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. （农业农村现代化迈出坚实步伐。）
城乡差距	the urban-rural gap	The urban-rural gap has gradually narrowed. （城乡差距逐步缩小。）
获得感、幸福感、安全感	a sense of fulfillment, happiness and security	Farmers should gain a greater sense of fulfillment, happiness and security. （应让农民拥有更多获得感、幸福感、安全感。）
共同富裕	common prosperity	Common prosperity is a long-term goal rather than an overnight achievement. （共同富裕是长期目标，不可能一蹴而就。）

▎英译中重点词汇

英文	中文	例句
the prevailing narrative	主流叙事 / 流行的说法	The prevailing narrative depicted the countryside as a place people leave behind. （主流叙事总把乡村描绘成人们背井离乡的出发地。）
a reservoir of cheap labour	廉价劳动力的蓄水池	Villages were long treated as a reservoir of cheap labour. （乡村长期被视为廉价劳动力的蓄水池。）
improved connectivity	交通与网络条件的改善	Improved connectivity has given rural communities a second chance. （交通与网络条件的改善让乡村社区获得了第二次机会。）
far from even	远谈不上均衡	The revival is far from even. （这场复兴远谈不上均衡。）
a delicate balancing act	一道棘手的平衡难题	Policymakers face a delicate balancing act. （决策者面临一道棘手的平衡难题。）
write off	一笔勾销 / 放弃不管	They must not write off communities that are merely inconvenient. （不能把只是交通不便的社区一笔勾销。）
do the trick	奏效 / 管用	Infrastructure alone rarely does the trick. （仅靠基础设施很少能奏效。）
have a say in	对……拥有话语权	Residents should have a say in how funds are spent. （居民应对资金如何使用拥有话语权。）

四、翻译技巧：抽象与具体转换（Abstraction and Concretization）

抽象与具体转换（Abstraction and Concretization）

📖 定义

抽象与具体转换，是指在翻译过程中根据两种语言的思维习惯，把原文中的抽象表达转换为具体表达（具体化 / Concretization），或把具体、形象的表达转换为抽象、概括的表达（抽象化 / Abstraction）。英语偏好用抽象名词做主语、以概念统摄事实，行文显得凝练客观；汉语则偏好用具体的动作、意象和四字格来呈现同一层意思。若逐字硬译，中译英会显得琐碎啰嗦，英译中则会显得空洞生硬。因此，这一技巧的核心不是改变意思，而是改变表达的颗粒度。

🎯 适用场景

英译中宜具体化：英语抽象名词（-tion / -ment / -ity / -ance 等）作主语或宾语时，常需还原为汉语的动词短语或具体说法，如 the revival → 这场复兴、improved connectivity → 交通与网络条件的改善。

中译英宜抽象化：汉语中反复出现的具体动作、排比短句，英译时可提炼为抽象名词或名词化结构，使句子更紧凑，如「让农民有更多获得感、幸福感、安全感」→ a greater sense of fulfillment, happiness and security。

处理形象化比喻：原文的比喻若在目的语中形象自然，可保留（搭上信息化的快车 → board the fast train of the information age）；若形象晦涩或产生歧义，则抽象化处理，只译出其含义。

四字格与套语：汉语政论文中的四字格（产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明）往往需要具体化译出其实质内容，而非字面对应。

虚指与实指：英语中的 things、matters、conditions、arrangements 等泛指词，中译时通常要根据上下文补出所指的具体内容。

示例1：英译中——抽象名词具体化

原文：Improved connectivity and a renewed appetite for locally produced food have given many rural communities a second chance.

直译（不佳）：改善的连接性和对本地生产食物的重新胃口给了许多乡村社区第二次机会。

译文：交通与网络条件的改善，以及人们对本地食材重新燃起的兴趣，让许多乡村社区获得了第二次机会。

说明：connectivity 是典型的英语抽象名词，中文必须落到「交通与网络条件」这样的具体所指；appetite 由「胃口」引申为「兴趣」，并补出施动者「人们」。

示例2：中译英——具体动作抽象化

原文：只有让亿万农民在共建共享中拥有更多获得感、幸福感、安全感，中国式现代化的根基才能更加牢固。

译文：Only when hundreds of millions of farmers gain a greater sense of fulfillment, happiness and security through joint efforts and shared benefits can the foundations of Chinese modernization be made more solid.

说明：「共建共享」若逐字译为 build together and share together 显得口语化；抽象为 through joint efforts and shared benefits 更符合英语正式文体。三个「感」合并为一个 sense of...，避免重复。

示例3：形象比喻的保留与转换

原文：让越来越多的农民搭上了信息化的快车。

译文A（保留形象）：...have enabled a growing number of farmers to board the fast train of the information age.

译文B（抽象化）：...have brought a growing number of farmers into the digital age.

说明：「快车」的比喻在英语中可理解，故译文A可行；若上下文强调结果而非过程，用译文B更简洁。考场上若无把握，宁可抽象化求稳，也不要生造形象。

示例4：泛指词的具体化

原文：Where these conditions are met, rural decline can be slowed.

直译（不佳）：在这些条件被满足的地方，乡村衰退可以被放缓。

译文：凡是具备这些条件的地方，乡村的衰退就能放缓。

说明：conditions are met 抽象且带被动，中文改为主动的「具备……条件」；同时用「凡是……就」这一汉语固定结构承接 where 引导的条件状语从句。

抽象化不等于笼统化。中译英提炼抽象名词时，必须保证信息不丢失，尤其是政论文中的政策要点、数字和限定条件，绝不能为求简洁而省略。

具体化要有依据。英译中补出具体所指时，依据只能来自上下文和常识，不能凭想象添加原文没有的内容，否则属于「过度翻译」，CATTI 阅卷会按错译扣分。

警惕名词化的连锁反应。中译英大量使用抽象名词后，容易出现 of 套 of 的长串结构（the improvement of the modernization of...）。建议每句抽象名词不超过两层，必要时改回动词结构。

四字格不要机械对应。「生态宜居」不是 ecologically livable 就一定好，a livable environment 反而更自然。判断标准是英语读者能否直接理解，而不是字面是否对齐。

同一篇文章要保持颗粒度一致。如果前文把「乡村振兴」译为 rural revitalization，后文就不要忽而改成 rural development，术语层面的一致性优先于修辞变化。

CATTI 二级笔译每日练习