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🌍 雅思写作第4课

词汇补充③（环境 / 社会类） · 句型补充③（虚拟语气 + 完成时态） · 短语补充（描述趋势变化）

基础课 4/4 · 收官
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模块一 · Engage 热身Warm-up
热身：环境 & 社会，绕不开的两大话题
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这些题，你都能写吗？（雅思环境 / 社会类高频题）
📝 环境与社会是雅思大作文两大"必考区"，下面几道都是真题方向：

① Some people believe environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve; others think individuals can make a difference. Discuss both views.

② The best way to solve environmental problems is to increase the price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

③ In many countries, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. What problems does this cause and what solutions can you suggest?

④ Some governments think economic progress is the most important goal; others think other kinds of progress matter equally. Discuss.

⑤ Governments should spend money on public services rather than on the arts. Do you agree or disagree?
👀 点开看一篇考生原文（约 4.5–5 分）——问题出在哪？

题目：Environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve. Do you agree or disagree?　下面是一段典型的 4.5–5 分主体段：

Now the environment problem is very serious. The air pollution is very bad and the weather become hotter and hotter. Some people say one person can not do anything, but I don't think so. If everyone do a little thing, it will be very good. For example, we can save water and electricity, and we can take bus instead of drive car. Also government must do something, they should make the factory reduce the smoke. If we don't protect environment now, in the future our children will live in a very bad place. So I think everyone should protect the environment together.
😵 考官为什么给 4.5–5 分？（点开看诊断）
· 词汇太轻、反复用：very serious / very bad / a little thing / do something，全是小学词（LR 上不去）
· 全是简单句 + and/but/so 串：没有像样的从句，更没有虚拟、完成时这种进阶结构（GRA 上不去）
· 基础语法错：weather become / everyone do / factory reduce（三单）、take bus / protect environment（冠词漏）
· 太口语：take bus instead of drive car、do a little thing——像说话，不像书面写作
这五道题，落脚点都是同一件事——环境 / 社会正在发生什么变化，我们该怎么办。用上面那种大白话，最多 5 分。想往 7 分走，这节课收官补齐三样"武器"：① 环境 / 社会类书面词汇　② 进阶句型（虚拟语气 + 完成时态）　③ 描述趋势变化的短语。基础阶段最后一课，把地基夯实。
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模块二 · Study 讲授词汇
词汇补充③：环境 / 社会类话题词
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口语 → 书面（先中文意思 → 口语怎么用 → 写作替换点开）

👉 每个表达三步走：先给中文意思，再说口语会怎么讲，最后点开看写作书面替换。

中文污染空气
口语We pollute the air. / The air is getting dirty.
写作替换 ▸
Factory emissions exacerbate air pollution in major cities.
Vehicle exhaust degrades the environment on a massive scale.
中文把资源用光
口语We use up all the resources. / We're running out of resources.
写作替换 ▸
Overconsumption depletes natural resources at an alarming rate.
Rapid growth places a strain on finite resources.
中文保护环境
口语We should protect the environment.
写作替换 ▸
Governments must preserve the environment for future generations.
Individuals can help conserve resources in daily life.
中文贫富差距越来越大
口语The gap between rich and poor is getting bigger.
写作替换 ▸
The widening wealth gap threatens social stability.
Income inequality has become a pressing issue.
中文帮助穷人
口语We should help poor people.
写作替换 ▸
Welfare programmes help alleviate poverty in rural areas.
Education is key to bridging the gap between social classes.
环境 / 社会核心词（中文先，英文点开）

👉 先读中文，想一下英文怎么说；再点开看英文 + 搭配。这次数量加到了 12 个，环境、社会两线都覆盖。

中文减少碳排放
英文 + 搭配 ▸
reduce / cut carbon emissions
中文应对气候变化
英文 + 搭配 ▸
combat / tackle climate change
中文投资可再生能源
英文 + 搭配 ▸
invest in renewable energy
中文追求可持续发展
英文 + 搭配 ▸
pursue sustainable development
中文保护生物多样性
英文 + 搭配 ▸
protect biodiversity
中文治理 / 控制污染
英文 + 搭配 ▸
curb / tackle pollution
中文拨款给公共服务
英文 + 搭配 ▸
allocate funds to public services
中文解决社会不平等
英文 + 搭配 ▸
address social inequality
中文缩小贫富差距
英文 + 搭配 ▸
narrow / bridge the wealth gap
中文缓解贫困
英文 + 搭配 ▸
alleviate poverty
中文提升教育质量
英文 + 搭配 ▸
improve the quality of education
中文创造就业机会
英文 + 搭配 ▸
create job opportunities
课堂拓展：词尾决定重音（TESOL · 5.1 Syllable Stress）
英语多音节词有且只有一个主重音：重读音节更响、更长、更清晰，其余弱读成 schwa（ə）。中文没有词重音，所以中国学生容易"每个音节都重读"。重音位置常被词尾（后缀）改变——记住下面三条，背单词时顺手标重音。
重音规律常见后缀例词（大写 = 重音）
重音紧贴后缀前一节-ity, -tion, -ic/-ical, -ian, -ible, -ial, -ify, -logy, -ual, -ium, -ious/-eous, -ient/-ience, -ion, -sisdiVERsity, eduCAtion, poLITical, geoGRAPHy, auTHORity
重音在后缀前两节-ous, -ent, -ate, -ist, -ize/-ise, -ary, -graph, -tudeDANgerous, ACCident, ADequate, cheMIST, modernIZE, voCABulary
重音永远落在后缀上-ee, -eer, -arilyrefuGEE, engiNEER, necesSARily
📌 顺手记：这些后缀还能帮你判断词性——-tion / -ity / -logy 多半是名词，-ous / -ful / -ive 是形容词，-ize 是动词。写作换词性（名词↔动词↔形容词）时，重音跟着后缀走。
🗣️ Try It：点开念一念，感受重音转移
photo → phoTOgrapher → phoTOgraphy
autoMate → autoMATic → autoMAtion
moral → moRALity → moRALize
👆 同一个词根，加了不同后缀，重音位置会变——这正是"词尾决定重音"。
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模块三 · Study 讲授句型
句型补充③：虚拟语气 + 完成时态（进阶时态语态）
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💡 从"句式广度"到"时态深度"：前三课练了从句、强调、倒装（句式的广度）。今天补两个隐形加分项——虚拟语气和完成时态，练的是时态语态的深度。用好它们，考官一眼就看出"这是有语法控制力的高分卷"（GRA 6→7 的关键）。
主力一：虚拟语气（假设 / 建议，让论证更有分寸）

为什么写作要用虚拟？议论文经常要说"假如政府这样做，就会……"或"本应早点行动"。虚拟语气能把"假设、建议、遗憾"表达得既准确又高级，比一句 should do 显水平。

📌 三种最常用的虚拟结构：
① 与现在事实相反：If + 过去式, 主语 + would / could + 动词原形
  If governments took action, the problem would ease.（其实没行动）
② 与过去事实相反：If + had done, 主语 + would / could + have + done
  If we had acted earlier, the crisis could have been avoided.（其实没早行动）
③ 建议 / 要求虚拟：suggest / recommend / demand / essential + (that) + 主语 + (should) + 动词原形
  It is essential that the government (should) invest in renewable energy.（invest 不加 s）
类型结构公式例句
与现在相反If + 过去式, would/could + 原形If people used public transport, cities would be less polluted.
与过去相反If + had done, would/could have doneIf action had been taken sooner, the damage could have been avoided.
建议 / 要求essential/suggest/demand + (that) + (should) 原形It is vital that every citizen (should) play a part.
⚠️ 两个高频易错点：
1️⃣ be 动词用 were：与现在相反时，所有人称一律用 were——If I were a policymaker...（✗ If I was）
2️⃣ 建议虚拟省 should 后仍用原形：It is essential that he invest（✗ invests）...——should 可省，但动词永远原形。
主力二：完成时态（把"变化"和"持续"写准）

为什么写作离不开完成时？环境、社会话题几乎都在讲"这些年发生了什么变化"——空气变差了、差距拉大了、政策已经出台了。这正是完成时的主场。用对完成时，趋势和结果一下就清楚了。

📌 四种完成时，各管一件事：
① 现在完成（have/has done）—— 过去到现在的结果 / 变化：Air pollution has worsened over the past decade.
② 现在完成进行（have/has been doing）—— 强调"一直在持续"：Temperatures have been rising steadily.
③ 过去完成（had done）—— "过去的过去"：By 2020, emissions had already peaked.
④ 完成时被动（have/has been done）—— "已经被做了"：Much has been done to tackle climate change.
时态用途例句
现在完成过去到现在的变化 / 结果The wealth gap has widened in recent years.
完成进行持续到现在的动作Sea levels have been rising for decades.
过去完成比过去某点更早By 2015, the policy had already taken effect.
完成被动已被完成（无需点明施动者）Little has been done to protect wildlife.
⚠️ 两个高频易错点：
1️⃣ 过去分词别写错 / 别漏：has worsened（✗ has worsen）、has risen（✗ has rose）——rise-rose-risen 三态别混。
2️⃣ since 接时间点，for 接时间段：has grown since 2010 / for a decade（✗ since a decade）。
组合示范：虚拟 + 完成时，一句话立起来
Over the past decade, air quality has deteriorated markedly （现在完成写变化）. Had governments imposed stricter limits earlier, much of this damage could have been prevented （与过去相反虚拟，省 if 倒装）. It is therefore essential that every country invest in renewable energy （建议虚拟，invest 原形）.

👆 现在完成起头写变化 + 虚拟倒装说遗憾 + 建议虚拟给对策。三句话，GRA 直接上一个台阶。

边学边测（口头也行，2 题快检）

Q1. "如果我们早点行动，这场危机本可以避免。" 下面哪句对？

A. If we act earlier, the crisis can be avoided.
B. If we had acted earlier, the crisis could have been avoided.
C. If we acted earlier, the crisis would avoid.

Q2. "过去十年空气质量显著恶化。" 横线该用哪个？　Air quality ___ significantly over the past decade.

A. worsen
B. has worsen
C. has worsened
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模块四 · Study 讲授短语
短语补充：描述趋势变化（给线图 / 数据段打底）
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💡 为什么讲趋势短语？小作文的线图、柱图、表格核心就是"描述数字怎么变"——涨、跌、稳、波动。配合上一模块的完成时态，这些短语能让你把变化写得又准又高级。下面按"功能"分组，直接能套。
趋势变化短语全家福（按功能分 5 组）
功能词 / 短语例句
上升rise / increase / grow / climb / surge / soar / rocketSales surged in the second quarter.
下降fall / decline / decrease / drop / plummet / dipUnemployment plummeted after 2015.
平稳 / 波动remain stable / level off / plateau / fluctuatePrices levelled off towards the end.
程度副词sharply / dramatically / significantly / gradually / slightly / steadilyFigures rose dramatically, then fell slightly.
峰值 / 低谷peak at / reach a peak / hit a low / bottom outDemand peaked at 8 million in 2020.
📌 两种句式，随意切换（考官爱看变化）：
· 动词 + 副词：The number rose sharply.（数字急剧上升）
· there be + 形容词 + 名词：There was a sharp rise in the number.（同义换个句式）
· 名词形式配对：a sharp rise / a gradual decline / a steady increase / a slight drop。
· 介词别错：rise by 5%（上升幅度）｜ rise to 20 million（升到某值）｜ rise from...to...（从…到…）。
组合示范：趋势短语 + 完成时，一句写活一条曲线
Since 2010, the use of renewable energy has grown steadily, climbing from 10% to 30%. Coal consumption, by contrast, has declined sharply, before levelling off after 2018.

👆 完成时管"变化"，趋势短语管"怎么变"，两者一配，线图段瞬间到位。

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模块五 · Activate 练习控制练习
句子翻译练习④（中译英 ×8，环境 / 社会 · 虚拟 + 完成时综合）
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📌 小建议：下面每句给了建议用的时态或结构（虚拟 / 完成时 / 趋势短语），你可以照着用，也可以换成自己会的写法，只要句子写对、意思到位就行。后 3 句建议组合两种以上结构（更出彩）。写完自查三件事——过去分词、三单、介词（by/to/since）。先自己写，再点开对答案。
1
在过去十年里，空气污染显著恶化。
建议：用现在完成时 ｜ 提示词：air pollution / worsen / over the past decade
📝 看参考答案
Air pollution has worsened significantly over the past decade.
2
如果政府征收更高的碳税，污染就会减少。
建议：用与现在相反的虚拟语气 ｜ 提示词：impose / carbon taxes / decrease
📝 看参考答案
If the government imposed higher carbon taxes, pollution would decrease.
3
如果我们早点行动，这场危机本可以避免。
建议：用与过去相反的虚拟语气 ｜ 提示词：act earlier / the crisis / avoid
📝 看参考答案
If we had acted earlier, the crisis could have been avoided.
4
至关重要的是，各国应当投资可再生能源。
建议：用建议 / 要求虚拟（essential that...）｜ 提示词：countries / invest / renewable energy
📝 看参考答案
It is essential that countries (should) invest in renewable energy.
5
近年来，贫富差距急剧扩大。
建议：用现在完成 + 趋势副词 ｜ 提示词：the gap between the rich and the poor / widen / sharply
📝 看参考答案
The gap between the rich and the poor has widened sharply in recent years.
6
为了应对气候变化，人们已经做了很多。
建议：用完成时被动（Much has been done）｜ 提示词：tackle / climate change
📝 看参考答案
Much has been done to tackle climate change.
7
自 2010 年以来，可再生能源的使用稳步增长，从 10% 升到了 30%。
建议：组合 现在完成 + 趋势短语（since / rise from...to）｜ 提示词：renewable energy / grow steadily
📝 看参考答案
Since 2010, the use of renewable energy has grown steadily, rising from 10% to 30%.
8
如果各国政府早些投资公共服务，社会不平等问题本可以得到缓解。
建议：组合 与过去相反虚拟 + 完成被动 ｜ 提示词：invest in public services / social inequality / alleviate
📝 看参考答案
If governments had invested in public services earlier, social inequality could have been alleviated.
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模块六 · Evaluate 产出自由写作
带着做：给饼图写"占比段"（小作文预热）
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💡 今天用占比短语写一段：饼图核心是"比占比"。看下面这张饼图（某国发电能源构成），我们只写一件事——一段占比描述：把最大、最小、几块的比例关系写清楚。这是"自由产出"，把前面学的都综合进来。
题目：某国发电能源来源构成（%）
Coal — 40% Natural gas — 25% Renewables — 20% Nuclear — 15%
第1步：先说"看图说了三句大白话"（中文）
1️⃣ 煤炭占比最大（40%），核能最小（15%）。
2️⃣ 化石能源（煤炭 + 天然气）合起来占了大头（65%）。
3️⃣ 可再生能源占五分之一（20%），比天然气略低。
第2步：把大白话"翻译"成占比段（带着写 · 两个范本级）
Coal accounted for the largest share of electricity generation, at 40%, followed by natural gas at 25%. Renewables made up a fifth of the total, while nuclear power represented the smallest proportion, at merely 15%.
What the chart reveals is that fossil fuels dominated the energy mix, with coal and gas together constituting 65% of the total. By contrast, cleaner sources played a smaller role: renewables accounted for 20%, whereas nuclear power made up just 15%.

👆 第二版用了名从起头 + constitute / account for / whereas，密度更高，可作冲 7 范本。

🔑 占比短语打包记：
· account for / make up / constitute / represent + 百分比（"占…比例"，四个同义换着用）
· the largest / smallest share (proportion)（最大 / 最小的份额）
· followed by（其次是）｜ at 40% / at merely 15%（精确到具体值）
第3步：现在轮到你写（写完直接导出，发老师批改）
📝 动手写：用"account for / make up / the largest share / followed by"的占比公式，把上面三句大白话改写成你自己的占比段（3–4 句即可）。写完先自查：占比短语用对没、百分比加没加 %、最大最小说清没。确认无误就填姓名、点导出，把 txt 直接发给我批改。
✍️ 你的饼图占比段
0 词 / 0 字
🎯 今日任务：照着"account for + the largest share + followed by + whereas"的套路，在上面的写作框里动笔写一遍。记住占比段的黄金公式：
X accounted for the largest share, at __%, followed by Y + 其余用 make up / whereas 补齐。
📌 第4课核心口诀
虚拟三条线：现在(过去式+would)、过去(had done+would have done)、建议(essential that + 原形)
完成四时态：现在完成写变化、完成进行强持续、过去完成是"过去的过去"、完成被动 has been done
趋势五组：升 rise/surge、降 fall/plummet、稳 level off、程度 sharply/steadily、峰谷 peak at
占比四同义：account for / make up / constitute / represent + %

📝 课后任务

🤖 每日英文写作表达补充（用元宝或其他AI助手的定时功能）

继续用元宝（或其他AI助手）的定时推送功能，每天自动推送一个英文写作高频表达 + 两个例句，积少成多。

本周可换个指令，专攻环境 / 社会词汇与趋势表达：
推送指令填："每天推送一个雅思环境或社会类话题的书面表达（如 alleviate poverty / carbon emissions / rise sharply），包括：①英文原词 ②中文意思 ③一个完整例句"

💡 基础阶段收官 · 承上启下

四次基础课到此收尾——我们练完了词汇升级、四大句型（定/状/名从+强调+倒装）、进阶时态语态、翻译综合、看图写段。做完综合测验，就正式进入强化阶段：从小作文技巧起步，一步步过渡到大作文。地基打牢了，下面开始盖楼。